What are the branches of maxillary nerve?
The maxillary nerve, also known as the third division of the trigeminal nerve (V3), is one of the three major divisions of the trigeminal nerve, which is responsible for providing sensation to the face and controlling the muscles of mastication. The maxillary nerve originates from the trigeminal ganglion, located in the middle cranial fossa, and travels through the foramen rotundum into the pterygopalatine fossa. Its branches are crucial for the sensory innervation of various areas of the face, including the maxilla, cheek, and upper lip. In this article, we will explore the different branches of the maxillary nerve and their respective functions.
1. Zygomatic Branch (V3.1)
The zygomatic branch, also known as the infraorbital nerve, is the first branch of the maxillary nerve. It exits the pterygopalatine fossa through the infraorbital foramen and travels along the infraorbital canal. This branch supplies sensory innervation to the zygomatic region, cheek, and the lower eyelid. The zygomatic branch also gives rise to the zygomaticofacial nerve, which innervates the zygomatic muscle and provides sensory innervation to the skin over the zygomatic arch.
2. Alveolar Nerve (V3.2)
The alveolar nerve is the second branch of the maxillary nerve and divides into two parts: the superior alveolar nerve and the inferior alveolar nerve. The superior alveolar nerve travels through the superior alveolar foramen and supplies sensory innervation to the teeth and bone of the maxilla, as well as the adjacent gingiva. The inferior alveolar nerve enters the mandible through the mental foramen and innervates the teeth, bone, and gingiva of the mandible below the first molar.
3. Middle Molar and Premolar Nerve (V3.3)
The middle molar and premolar nerve is the third branch of the maxillary nerve. It innervates the middle and lateral aspects of the second and third molars, as well as the premolars. This branch also provides sensory innervation to the adjacent gingiva and bone.
4. Pterygopalatine Ganglion Nerve (V3.4)
The pterygopalatine ganglion nerve is the fourth and final branch of the maxillary nerve. It arises from the pterygopalatine ganglion, a parasympathetic ganglion located in the pterygopalatine fossa. This branch carries parasympathetic fibers that innervate the lacrimal gland, the nasal mucosa, and the palatine glands. Additionally, it provides sensory innervation to the palate and the mucous membranes of the nose and maxillary sinus.
In conclusion, the maxillary nerve is a vital component of the trigeminal nerve system, providing sensory innervation to various areas of the face. Its branches, including the zygomatic, alveolar, middle molar and premolar, and pterygopalatine ganglion nerves, play a crucial role in the proper functioning of the facial sensory system and the masticatory muscles. Understanding the branches of the maxillary nerve is essential for diagnosing and treating various conditions affecting the trigeminal nerve and its associated structures.
